This book provides readers with the latest developments in cardiovascular research. Topics covered include an analysis of the effectiveness of newer drugs when compared to Warfarin in reducing the mortality and complications from atrial fibrillation; the epidemiological differences and evolution of high-risk acute coronary syndrome in men and women; cardiovascular control via the vestibular system; an alternative view on inflammation and the endothelium, which plays a crucial role for different substantial vascular functions; the epidemiology, physiopathology and the diagnosis and treatment of renovascular hypertension; a therapeutic approach to treating hypovolemic shock; pathological findings, diagnostic strategies and treatment of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm (LVPA); the structure, development and functions of sarcalumenin, a glycoprotein involved in skeletal and cardiac muscles; hybrid coronary revascularization and the dietary factors that play an important role in the modulation of hypertension - the fourth contributor to premature death in developed countries and the seventh in developing countries.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in cardiovascular research. Topics covered include the morphology and implications of atrial septal defects; the epidemiology, clinical presentation, preliminary diagnostics and imaging of arterial septal defects; the pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging, treatment and prognosis of constrictive pericarditis and cardiac tamponade; the psychological distress lived by patients and their caregivers after a cardiac arrest; the significance and limitations of coronary angiography and intravascular imaging systems, covering almost all devices currently available in Japan, where intracoronary imaging is being utilized aggressively; previous reports on coronary endothelial dysfunction and/or spasm after stent implantation and the clinical implications, and prognosis; and the relationship between Type D personality and health-related behaviors.

Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis. Chronic heart failure (CHF) has emerged as a major worldwide epidemic. This book gathers the latest research in cardiovascular disease with a focus on such topics as cardiac thrombus quantification in clinical practice; aspartate protease cathepsin D in liver and heart injury, pathophysiology and therapy; hypertension, arterial stiffness and cardiovascular outcomes; fractional flow reserve is an essential measure for the management of patients with stable coronary artery disease; arterial stiffness and vascular calcifications in chronic kidney disease patients; the clinical application of coronary flow velocity reserve by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography; management of right heart failure; short QT syndrome; new horizons in preventing graft arterial disease; and associations between cathepsin B and inflammation markers in elderly males and females.

Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis. Chronic heart failure (CHF) has emerged as a major worldwide epidemic. This book gathers the latest research in cardiovascular disease with a focus on such topics as genetic risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms; blood pressure monitoring in biological time structures seasonal variations in ordinary living with perioperative case and salt restriction/weight reduction; genetics and perinatal milieus affecting saline preference in hypertensive rats; the influence of apolipoproteins in cardiovascular diseases; and novel effects of macrolide on MMP-related cardiovascular remodeling.

This monograph comprises seven chapters, each detailing recent advancements in the field of cardiovascular research. Chapter One describes the various benefits that progesterone has on the cardiovascular system. Chapter Two aims to describe congenital heart disease in well-characterized syndromes and update the possible causes of genetic origin. Chapter Three aims to update and review the hemodynamic evaluation and percutaneous intervention in congenital heart disease. Chapter Four is focused on the evaluation and treatment of intermediate coronary plaque. Chapter Five presents a review of the literature on the field of disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and analyzes several factors regarding the management of such cases. Chapter Six aims to identify predictors of the vulnerability and assessment in dynamics of the morphology of coronary plaques in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Finally, Chapter Seven reports on the case of a patient with rheumatic heart disease who underwent double valve replacement and incidentally was diagnosed with emphysematous pyelonephritis during his post-operative course in the hospital.

Horizons in World Cardiovascular Research. Volume 19 studies the binding capabilities of cariprazine, clozapine, risperidone, olazapine, quentiapine, ziprazidone, aripirazole, haloperidol, blonanserin, iloperidone, eticlopride, amisulpride and nemonapride. The comprehensive understanding of the molecular-level mechanisms of drug-induced side effects associated with cardiovascular diseases is of paramount importance for the effective management of schizophrenia. Thoracic aortic surgery has undergone major changes in the last two decades, resulting in more favourable short- and long-term outcomes. Better understanding of underlying pathologies, re-definition of guidelines and classifications, and the evolution of diagnostics, intraoperative techniques, postoperative care and post-discharge outpatient follow-up have collectively contributed to this success. The authors summarize the cornerstones of this evolvement. The various features of the different systems and devices for complete closure of the patent foramen ovale tunnel are described, highlighting findings that are useful for interventional cardiologists. Lastly, the inter-core laboratory variability of qualitative comparative analysis parameters is assessed in comparison to the intra-core laboratory variability in a randomized controlled trial evaluating drug-eluting stents.

Horizons in World Cardiovascular Research. Volume 18 opens with a chapter reviewing the literature regarding the effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and iloprost treatment, either alone or in combination, on ischemia/reperfusion injury. Ductus arteriosus is a fetal circulatory pathway which helps to redirect blood flow to the placenta in the fetus and spontaneously closes shortly after birth. The clinical and laboratory features of isolated patent ductus arteriosus are reviewed, along with indications for closure, methods of closure, and results. The authors briefly summarize the unique and role of chloride in the treatment of cardiovascular patients, particularly heart failure patients, and present a series of case vignettes of cardiovascular patients undergoing practical use of this agent. Next, the timing of symptomatic infarct swelling after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator treatment is evaluated. To carry out this evaluation, 14,868 patients with acute ischemic stroke were retrospectively analyzed from a stroke registry data-bank. An additional study assesses whether serum lipid levels are associated with the risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage and functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke after receiving intravenous thrombolysis. The coronary characteristics of patients with ischemic stroke are also studied by way of coronary computed tomographic angiographies carried out in 349 patients with stroke and 349 age- and sex-matched patients without stroke. The coronary calcium scores and the prevalence of significant stenosis and high-risk plaque between the groups are compared. This compilation also studies subclinical coronary artery disease in low to intermediate risk patients through coronary computed tomographic angiographies carried out in 744 patients, measuring the coronary calcium scores and the prevalence of significant stenosis and high-risk plaque. The coronary characteristics in patients with chronic kidney disease are similarly examined. The concluding study evaluates the impact of intermittent fasting on cerebrovascular disease, revealing differences in stroke patterns during Ramadan between the fasting and non-fasting groups.

Renal dysfunction is an extensively recognised threat for mortality in patients with acute heart disorders. Chapter one, written by Aida Hamzic-Mehmedbaic, Damir Rebic, and Neira Baic-Hamzic, discusses how earlier detection of CRS type 1 by renal and cardiac biomarkers theoretically leads to improved outcomes in patients with acute heart disorders. In chapter two, Andreas Eisenreich, Ulrike Leppert, Torsten Thiel and Nicole Ebner analyse the most recent discoveries concerning the role of metformin in cardiovascular/renal pathologies while simultaneously discussing the therapeutic potential of metformin in the treatment of patients with diabetes-associated cardiovascular/renal diseases. Helen Senderovich, Justin Chow and Shaira Wignarajah present a case study regarding end-of-life care in advanced congestive heart failure in chapter three, discussing symptom management and patients feelings in chapter three. In chapter four, Qin Qin, Jianqing Li, Li Zhang, and Chengyu Liu discuss methodology for abnormal heartbeat recognition and classification. Next, Zhipeng Cai, Jianqing Li, Kan Luo, Bo Duan, Yuting Xie and Chengyu Liu present a study in chapter five wherein the effects of electrode material and size on the skin-electrode impedance were investigated, in addition to the influence of thickness of the filled sponge and environmental factors. Chapter six, by Kohichiro Iwasaki, presents another study wherein 300 patients without known coronary artery disease underwent coronary computed tomographic angiography, studying calcium scores of and the relationship amongst them. Following this, chapter seven provides a review of etiopathogenetic mechanisms of cochlear endothelial dysfunction and cochlear microvascular disease by V. Corazzi, A.Ciorba C. Bianchini, and C. Aimoni, ENT & Audiology Department, University Hospital of Ferrara, Italy. Continuing, chapter eight presents an investigation done by Kristina Zubow, Anatolij Zubow, and Viktor Anatolievich Zubow on mechanism of the sugar influence in gelatine. They continue in chapter nine with an analysation of the neutrino halo from a working human heart.

In the first chapter of Horizons in World Cardiovascular Research. Volume 14, the secondary mechanical complications of acute coronary syndrome are discussed while presenting initial treatment methods by way of pharmacology. These complications typically occur swiftly (acute phase and subacute phase) and they originate in the severe cardiac expansion zones, in border regions with the healthy tissue as well as the infarcted tissue. The second chapter explains that preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific syndrome of reduced organ perfusion secondary to vasospasm and endothelial activation, is a major complication in pregnancy, occurring in 7-10% of all pregnant women, and is one of the major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), and perinatal mortality. The author explores the way in which markers of endothelial dysfunction could be used to predict hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. The third chapter examines modern percutaneous technologies for the controlling of valvular heart disease, with the goal of pinpointing new opportunities for research. Additionally, the utility of various emerging balloon valvuloplasty techniques, MitraClip, and valve-in-valve approaches are explained in the hopes that understanding their limitations might aid in new research. Molecular domains in heart muscles in family members are classified in the fourth chapter, with the intention of ascertaining the effect of vasodilator agents, sugar, and hypoxia on the operation of protein domains. The domains inside the heart aorta and vein of a slaughtered domestic pig are studied to ascertain how acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), ramipril, sugar, heat and physical exertions influenced them. Next, research on the link between family history of depression and atherosclerotic coronary artery disease is presented in the fifth chapter. Depression is one of the leading contributors to the global burden of diseases, and is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, therefore it is essential to develop a link between how genetics and inheritance in families may worsen the prognosis of cardiovascular disease in offspring. The sixth chapter supports the claim that ivabradine should be the primary pharmacologic treatment for patients with symptoms of inappropriate sinus tachycardia by ruling out other possible causes.

Hypertension is the most common chronic disease in developed societies, affecting >25% of adults. Chapter One analyses the current evidence about exercise and hypertension. In Chapter Two, a mesh free numerical scheme was proposed, with the aim to resolve the Navier-Stokes equations for the blood flow through the aorta artery with aneurysm disease. Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs are considered one of the most complex procedures known to surgeons. Chapter Three presents a review of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs in order to provide the fundamental knowledge and updated techniques for the cardiac and vascular surgery team. In Chapter Four, the authors describe coronary hypersensitivity angitis and acute coronary hypersensitivity syndrome (ACHS) in terms of pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic work flow, treatment and prevention. Sinus bradycardia is a common clinical or electrocardiographic finding in both healthy and severely ill patients, reflecting the broad spectrum of pathophysiological substrate and clinical relevance of this disorder. Chapter Five provides a comprehensive overview concerning diagnosis, management and prognosis. Chapter Six discusses how patients who were diagnosed with cirrhosis had higher concentrations of NT pro-BNP if they had left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. The authors discuss how NT pro-BNP might be a useful early marker of cardiomyopathy in patients with cirrhosis. Finally, Chapter Seven helps the reader to understand a patients experience of undergoing a CATH procedure, particularly the psychological aspect of the procedure and the lived experience of patients undergoing a CATH.

This book provides readers with the latest developments in cardiovascular research. Chapter One reviews new concepts and targets in pulmonary hypertension. Chapter Two discusses new directions in aortic valve disease treatments. Chapter Three focuses on how altering energy substrate metabolism in the heart can be used as an approach for the treatment of cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. Chapter Four analyses cardiovascular and renal risks in women after preeclampsia. Chapter Five studies the impact of energy drink consumption on cardiovascular diseases. Chapter Six reviews fluid management strategies in heart failure patients suffering from diuretic resistance. Chapter Seven explains the effects of macrolides as matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors on cardiovascular remodeling. Chapter Eight describes methodologies that use neutralising antibodies or immunoglobulins to prevent graft arterial disease.

Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis. Chronic heart failure (CHF) has emerged as a major worldwide epidemic. This book gathers the latest research in cardiovascular disease with a focus on such topics as cardiac sarcoidosis; heart failure and acute phase proteins; endothelial dysfunction in hypertension; treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery; cholesterol and coronary atherosclerosis; pulse decomposition for artery pressure waveforms; and multidetector computed tomography as a potential modality to detect subclinical atherosclerosis.

Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis. Chronic heart failure (CHF) has emerged as a major world-wide epidemic. This book gathers the latest research in cardiovascular disease with a focus on such topics as hemodynamic examination using echocardiography in critical care; transesophageal echocardiography during the implantation of core valve percutaneous aortic prosthesis; left atrial radio frequency ablation with mitral aortic valve surgery; intraoperative defibrillation threshold testing; and the pathogenesis and future treatments of chronic cardiac rejection.

Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis. Chronic heart failure (CHF) has emerged as a major world-wide epidemic. This book gathers the latest research in cardiovascular disease with a focus on such topics as electrical restitution and ventricular tachyarrhythmia; radiation hazards in cardiac intervention; surgical management of chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation; platelet biology in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and the role of HMGB1 in cardiac dysfunction during septic shock.

Horizons in World Cardiovascular Research. Volume 20 first explores preventive cardiology, a new subspecialty in cardiovascular medicine, discussing how it is possible to modify lifestyle and coronary risk factors well in advance of clinical events. The authors describes an approach to echocardiography of the aortic arch for reliable demonstration of the arch segments while reducing confounding from a patent ductus arteriosus. This compilation goes on to discuss intravascular ultrasound, which complements the conventional angiographic study and allows for the acquirement of high definition images of arteries for the evaluation of atheroma plaques. Additionally, a brief presentation of the X-ray angiography image processing methods is provided. The perioperative use of dexmedetomidine in cardiac surgery, specifically its role in early extubation, delirium management, and reducing morbidity is assessed. Evidence-based treatments for secondary prevention of ischemic heart diseases are described, including the use of antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins, as well as lifestyle modifications. The authors propose that the assessment of renal function in patients with heart failure is very important because it can reflect their hemodynamic status and provide a better prognostic score. The authors describe some of the common drug-related problems in patients with cardiovascular diseases, as well as their consequences, so as to identify patients who may be at risk and review several interventions designed to limit their occurrence. The closing study discusses how, to further evaluate for an aortic dissection, additional official radiologic studies likely need to be obtained to aid in diagnosis and operative planning.

Atrial fibrillation is initiated by triggers in combination with underlying atrial substrate. Horizons in World Cardiovascular Research. Volume 17 discusses how innovations in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging techniques, especially late gadolinium enhancement imaging, have advanced our ability to better understand and accurately identify fibrosis in the atrial myocardium of atrial fibrillation patients. According to the nephron number hypothesis, individuals born with kidneys with fewer nephrons would be at increased risk for hypertension and renal disease later in life. Evidence supporting a role for preterm birth itself as a programming risk factor come from observations demonstrating that the degree of prematurity impacts the severity of hypertension or renal dysfunction observed later in life, indicating a dose-response effect of preterm birth. As such, the authors review this effect in the context of consequences for the mother after pregnancy as well as individuals born during premature labor. This compilation goes on to discuss venous thromboembolism, a spectrum of disease that includes both deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Venous thromboembolism affects 950,000 patients every year and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is a rare clinical entity resulting in partial or complete duodenal obstruction due to compression of the third part of the duodenum. Symptoms will vary depending on the severity, but can be very debilitating. The authors discuss the diagnosis of this rare condition, as well as treatment options. Next, the surgical anatomy of the superior mesenteric artery is schematized through a subdivision in three segments, each with a different method for surgical dissection, for a better understanding of its surgical anatomy. The final chapter focuses on the current development of zebrafish models for the screening for cardiotoxic and cardioprotective agents. The administration of endocrine disruptors, cigarette smoke, acrylamide, phthalates and phosphate, heavy metals, inoculation infectious agent, alcohol, surgery and laser light radiations are the major cause of cardiotoxicity in zebrafish.

Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis. Chronic heart failure (CHF) has emerged as a major worldwide epidemic. This book gathers the latest research in cardiovascular disease with a focus on such topics as cardiac connexin gap junction channels; the impact of alternative splicing on cardiovascular biology; gender aspects in septic patients receiving QTc prolonging drugs; nanotechnology for cardiovascular therapy; ineffective endocarditis associated to oral bacteremia; neonatal echocardiography; endocarditis symptoms, treatment and prevention; metabolomics in aortic stenosis; mid-term outcome of mitral valve repair and coronary artery bypass grafting for ischemic or degenerative mitral regurgitation; and early repolarisation and ventricular fibrillation in a young Tunisian woman.

Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis (arterial disease). Chronic heart failure (CHF) has emerged as a major world-wide epidemic. Recently, a fundamental shift in the underlying aetiology of CHF is becoming evident, in which the most common cause is no longer hypertension or valvular disease, but rather long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction. Chronic artery disease (CAD) is the cause of CHF in the majority of patients, and CHF is the only mode of CAD presentation associated with increasing incidence of mortality. This new and important book gathers the latest research in cardiovascular disease with a focus on such topics as: diabetic cardiomyopathy, the promise of biological pacemakers, stem cells and repairs of the heart, cardiac autonomic function and sports activity, "tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy" and others.

In this compilation, the authors present and discuss various aspects of arrhythmias in endurance competitive and leisure-time sportsmen including master athletes based on their extensive experience and international literature. The value of heart rate monitors for evaluating exercise intensity and for diagnosis of arrhythmias is discussed and standard procedure for dealing with suspected arrhythmias useful both for athletes, their coaches or doctors is proposed. Next, the authors focus on recent literature data related to the role of endothelial nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Nitric oxide is a free radical which, in reactions with various molecules, causes multiple biological effects. It is exceptionally regulated and extends to almost every cell type and function within circulation. Extracranial carotid artery stenosis is a major cause of stroke and is treated with either carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS). In this collection, several types of imaging study have been used to identify complications related to in-stent restenosis, including Doppler ultrasound, computed tomography angiography, digital subtraction angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, intravascular ultrasound, and optical coherence tomography. The authors go on to discuss some recent randomized studies that compared different d rug-eluting balloon catheters (DEB) with drug-eluting stents (DES) used to treat BMS- in-stent restenosis or DES- in-stent restenosis, and the long-term clinical results of those studies. Evidence from controlled clinical studies has suggested that DES and drug-eluting balloon catheters (DEB) provide the best clinical and angiographic results in the treatment of ISR. Following this, the dynamics of the conformation changes in the subdomains of the NC1 hexamer under the influence of sound frequencies distressing them was studied in gelatin (film) and collagen (cardiac aorta/veins endothelium) obtained from pork, using the gravitation mass spectroscopy method (GMS). Continuing, most coronary events are caused by significant stenoses or vulnerable plaques. Recent studies have shown that significant stenoses and vulnerable plaques often coexist. The basic concept that underlies these entities is increased plaque volume. Additionally, recent evidence shows that coronary calcium score and fractional flow reserve are the most accurate methods to assess increased plaque volume, and therefore, have high prognostic value. The main goal of the subsequent study is the application of an immunohistochemistry technique in order to diagnose myocardial ischemia in early stages with a better confidence rate. Sudden cardiac death cases were selected and their findings were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed. The study focuses on the evolution and location of fibronectin in the ischemic cardiomyocytes during process of infarction and remodeling of cardiac scars. Lastly, the authors investigate the incidence of very late in-stent restenosis and risk factors for very late target lesion revascularization (TLR) in patients with sirolimus-eluting stent (SES). Very late SES-TLR was associated with history of hemodialysis and previous PCI with SES for ISR lesion.

Cardiovascular disease refers to the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis (arterial disease). Chronic heart failure (CHF) has emerged as a major world-wide epidemic. This new and important book gathers the latest research in cardiovascular disease with a focus on such topics as: drug-induced valvular heart disease; cardiac pacing and cognition; oral bacteria in the hearts of patients with valvular disease; bicuspid aortic valve in athletes; chronic persistent infections as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease; rheumatic valvulopathy; shared susceptibility genes of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease; and others.